Tea and the Industrial Revolution: Reading answers

The passage opens

Answers 1–13

1. 1

   Paragraph A

   iv: The time and place of the Industrial Revolution Matching headings

   Ushbu savolda: “Nega sanoatning dunyoni o‘zgartirgan tug‘ilishi – ya’ni Sanoat inqilobi – aynan Britaniyada yuz berdi? Va nega u 18-asr oxirida sodir bo‘ldi?” deb so‘ralmoqda. Berilgan izoh shuni tushuntiradiki, bu paragraf Sanoat inqilobining qayerda (Britaniyada) va qachon (18-asr oxirida) boshlanganiga e’tibor qaratadi. Ya’ni, matnning ushbu qismi: voqeaning joyini (Britaniya), va vaqtini (18-asr oxiri) aniq ko‘rsatib bermoqda. Shuning uchun ham izohda aytilishicha, bu paragraf Sanoat inqilobining vaqt va makon jihatlarini tushuntiradi.

   “'Why did this particular Big Bang – the world-changing birth of industry-happen in Britain? And why did it strike at the end of the 18th century?”

2. 2

   Paragraph B

   viii: Conditions required for industrialisation Matching headings

   Matndagi: “There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen…” degan jumla Sanoat inqilobi tasodifan emas, balki ko‘plab omillar birgalikda mavjud bo‘lganda yuz berganini tushuntiradi. Paragrafda quyidagi asosiy omillar sanab o‘tilgan: fabrikalarni ishlatish uchun texnologiya va energiya manbalari arzon ishchi kuchini ta’minlaydigan katta shahar aholisi mahsulotlarni tashish uchun qulay transport tizimi ommaviy ishlab chiqarilgan mahsulotlarni sotib oladigan boy o‘rta sinf bozorga asoslangan iqtisodiyot buni qo‘llab-quvvatlaydigan mos siyosiy tizim Shuning uchun izohda aytilishicha, bu qism Sanoat inqilobining dinamikasi va sabab bo‘lgan omillari haqida gapirmoqda. Ya’ni, u inqilobning nima sababdan Britaniyada yuz berganini tushuntiruvchi asosiy shart-sharoitlarni bayon qiladi.

   “There are about 20 different factors and all of them need to be present before the revolution can happen’”

3. 3

   Paragraph C

   vii: Two keys to Britain's industrial revolution Matching headings

   Matnda muallif “yetishmayotgan omillar” sifatida oddiy, kundalik ichimliklar — choy va pivoni ko‘rsatadi. Unga ko‘ra: Choy tarkibidagi tannin antiseptik xususiyatga ega. Pivodagi xmel (hops) ham antiseptik ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ikkalasi ham qaynatilgan suv bilan tayyorlanadi. Shu sababli odamlar iflos suv orqali yuqadigan kasalliklardan (masalan, dizenteriya) kamroq aziyat chekishgan. Natijada shahar aholisi sog‘lomroq bo‘lib, zich joylashgan holda yashay olgan. Bu esa sanoat rivoji uchun zarur bo‘lgan katta va barqaror ishchi kuchini ta’minlagan. Shuning uchun izoh shuni aytmoqda: bu qism Sanoat inqilobida choy va pivoning muhim rol o‘ynaganini ko‘rsatadi.

   “The missing factors, he proposes, are to be found in almost every kitchen cupboard. Tea and beer, two of the nation’s favorite drinks, fuelled the revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer – plus the fact that both are made with boiled water – allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery”

4. 4

   Paragraph D

   i: The search for the reasons for an increase in population Matching headings

   Matnda aytilishicha, 1650–1740 yillar oralig‘ida Britaniyada aholi soni deyarli o‘zgarmagan. Ammo 1740 yildan keyin birdaniga aholi soni tez osha boshlagan. Shuning uchun bu paragraf: Aholi sonining keskin o‘sishi haqida gapirmoqda. Bu o‘sishning sababi nimada ekanini tushuntirishga harakat qilmoqda. Aynan shu demografik o‘zgarish Sanoat inqilobining paydo bo‘lishiga zamin yaratgan omillardan biri sifatida ko‘rsatilmoqda. Ya’ni, izoh shuni aytadiki, bu qism 1740 yildan keyingi aholi o‘sishiga turtki bo‘lgan asosiy sabab (yoki harakatlantiruvchi kuch) haqida gapirmoqda.

   “Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth.”

5. 5

   Paragraph E

   vi: Changes in drinking habits in Britain Matching headings

   Matnga ko‘ra: Pivoga qo‘shiladigan xmel (hops) kuchli antibakterial xususiyatga ega bo‘lgan va odamlarni kasalliklardan himoya qilgan. 17-asr oxirida solod (malt) — pivoning asosiy tarkibiy qismiga — soliq joriy etilgan. Natijada pivo qimmatlashgan. Kambag‘allar pivodan voz kechib, oddiy suv va jin ichishga o‘tgan. Oddiy suv ko‘pincha toza bo‘lmagani sababli kasalliklar ko‘paygan va 1720-yillarda o‘lim darajasi, ayniqsa bolalar o‘limi yana oshgan. Shuning uchun izoh shuni aytmoqda: Bu qism soliq siyosati odamlarning ichimlik odatlariga qanday ta’sir qilganini va buning natijasida sog‘liq yomonlashib, o‘lim ko‘rsatkichlari oshganini tushuntiradi. Ya’ni, soliq → ichimlik o‘zgarishi → kasalliklar → aholi kamayishi zanjiri ko‘rsatilgan.

   “For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again.”

6. 6

   Paragraph F

   ix: Comparisons with Japan lead to the answer Matching headings

   Paragrafda Britaniya va Yaponiya o‘rtasida taqqoslash qilinmoqda. Yaponiya ham o‘sha davrda yirik shaharlarni rivojlantirayotgan edi. U yerda ham sanitariya tizimi mukammal emas edi. Ammo suv orqali yuqadigan kasalliklar Yaponiyada Britaniyaga qaraganda kamroq tarqalgan. Shu o‘rinda savol tug‘iladi: Buning sababi choyning yapon madaniyatida keng tarqalganligi bo‘lishi mumkinmi? Keyin muallif Britaniyada choy tarixi bilan Sanoat inqilobi davri o‘rtasida qiziqarli sana mos kelishini payqaydi. Shuning uchun izoh to‘g‘ri aytadi: bu paragrafda Yaponiya va Britaniya o‘rtasida aniq taqqoslash (comparison) keltirilgan va choy ichish odati orqali sog‘liq hamda aholi o‘sishi masalasi solishtirilgan.

   “Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also developing large cities about the same time, and also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a much looser grip on the Japanese population than those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary coincidence of dates.”

7. 7

   Paragraph G

   ii: Industrialisation and the fear of unemployment Matching headings

   Paragrafda aytilishicha, 17-asrda Yaponiya: Katta shaharlariga ega edi Savodxonlik darajasi yuqori edi Hatto fyuchers bozori (kelajak savdo tizimi) ham mavjud edi Ya’ni, ko‘plab rivojlanish belgilari bor edi. Lekin muhim jihat shundaki, Yaponiya mehnatni yengillashtiradigan vositalardan, masalan, hayvonlardan foydalanishni cheklagan. Sababi — bu vositalar odamlarni ishsiz qoldirishi mumkin degan qo‘rquv bo‘lgan. Sanoat inqilobi esa aynan: mehnatni tejaydigan texnologiyalar, samaradorlikni oshiruvchi uskunalar, ishlab chiqarishni tezlashtiruvchi vositalar asosida rivojlangan. Shuning uchun izoh to‘g‘ri aytadi: bu paragraf Yaponiyada 18-asrda Sanoat inqilobi yuz bermaganining sababini tushuntiradi. Asosiy sabab — ishsizlikdan qo‘rqib, mehnatni yengillashtiruvchi texnologiyalardan voz kechish bo‘lgan.

   “Macfarlane notes that even though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned its back on the essence of any work-based revolution by giving up labor-saving devices such as animals, afraid that they would put people out of work.”

8. 8

   China's transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century.

   NOT GIVEN True / False / Not Given

9. 9

   Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain.

   TRUE True / False / Not Given

   Choy tarkibidagi tannin antiseptik (bakteriyaga qarshi) xususiyatga ega. Pivodagi xmel (hops) ham antiseptik ta’sir ko‘rsatadi. Ikkalasi ham qaynatilgan suv bilan tayyorlanadi. Shu sababli shahar aholisi suv orqali yuqadigan kasalliklardan, masalan, dizenteriyadan saqlana olgan. Savoldagi bayonot aynan shuni aytmoqda: Xmel va tannin bakteriyaga qarshi xususiyatga ega. Bu dizenteriyaning oldini olishga yordam bergan. Bu ma’lumotlar matnda to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri berilgan. Shuning uchun javob TRUE.

   “The antiseptic properties of tannin, the active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer – plus the fact that both are made with boiled water – allowed urban communities to flourish at close quarters without succumbing to water-borne diseases such as dysentery.”

10. 10

    Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane's findings.

    FALSE True / False / Not Given

    Matnda “Macfarlane’ning dalillari nufuzli odamlar tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlandi… Roy Porter uning tadqiqotiga ijobiy baho berdi” deyiladi. Bu Porter Macfarlane’ni maqtadi va qo‘llab-quvvatladi, degani. Shuning uchun “Porter Macfarlane tadqiqotlarini rad etdi (refuted)” degan gap noto‘g‘ri bo‘ladi, ya’ni u FALSE.

    “Macfarlanes case has been strengthened by support from notable quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical historian, recently wrote a favorable appraisal of his research”

11. 11

    After 1740, there was a reduction in population in Britain.

    FALSE True / False / Not Given

    1650–1740 yillar orasida Britaniyada aholi soni deyarli o‘zgarmagan (static). 1740 yildan keyin esa aholi soni tez osha boshlagan. 20 yil ichida chaqaloqlar o‘limi darajasi yarmiga kamaygan. Bu holat ham qishloqlarda, ham shaharlarda, barcha tabaqalarda kuzatilgan. Chaqaloqlar o‘limi kamayganligi → ko‘proq bolalar tirik qolgan → aholi soni oshgan. Shuning uchun agar bayonotda “1740 yildan keyin aholi kamaydi” degan fikr matnga zid bo‘ladi. Demak, javob FALSE.

    “Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened in both rural areas and cities and across all classes.”

12. 12

    People in Britain used to make beer at home.

    NOT GIVEN True / False / Not Given

13. 13

    The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate.

    TRUE True / False / Not Given

    Matnda aytilishicha: Pivodagi xmel (hops) kuchli antibakterial xususiyatga ega bo‘lib, odamlarni kasalliklardan himoya qilgan. 17-asr oxirida **solod (malt)**ga soliq joriy etilgan. Natijada pivo qimmatlashgan. Kambag‘allar pivodan voz kechib, suv va jin ichishga o‘tgan. 1720-yillarda o‘lim darajasi yana oshgan. Bu yerda sabab-oqibat zanjiri aniq ko‘rsatilgan: soliq → ichimlik odati o‘zgarishi → kasalliklar ko‘payishi → o‘lim darajasi oshishi. Shuning uchun berilgan tushuntirish matn mazmuniga mos keladi. Javob TRUE.

    “For a long time, the English were protected by the strong antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the 1720s the mortality rate began to rise again.”

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