EUROPEAN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS 1990-2010: Reading answers

The passage opens

Answers 14–26

1. 14

   Paragraph A

   VIII: The rapid growth of private transport Matching headings

   “For passenger transport, the determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use.”

2. 15

   Paragraph B

   III: Changes affecting the distances goods may be transported Matching headings

   “This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users”

3. 16

   Paragraph C

   XI: Transport trends in countries awaiting EU admission Matching headings

   “The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic.”

4. 17

   Paragraph D

   I: Afresh and important long-term goal Matching headings

   “The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years' time, that is by 2040.”

5. 18

   Paragraph E

   V: The environmental costs of road transport Matching headings

   “According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO₂ emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO₂ emissions attributable to transport.”

6. 19

   Paragraph G

   X: Restricting road use through charging policies alone Matching headings

   “The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing.”

7. 20

   Paragraph H

   II: Charging for roads and improving other transport methods Matching headings

   “The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes”

8. 21

   Paragraph I

   IV: Taking all the steps necessary to change transport patterns Matching headings

   “The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network.”

9. 22

   The need for transport is growing, despite technological developments.

   TRUE True / False / Not Given

   “Although modern information technologies can reduce the demand for physical transport by facilitating teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for transport continues to increase.”

10. 23

    To reduce production costs, some industries have been moved closer to their relevant consumers.

    FALSE True / False / Not Given

    “This phenomenon has been emphasised by the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users”

11. 24

    Cars are prohibitively expensive in some EU candidate countries.

    NOT GIVEN True / False / Not Given

    No Information provided
12. 25

    The Gothenburg European Council was set up 30 years ago.

    NOT GIVEN True / False / Not Given

    No Information provided
13. 26

    By the end of this decade, CO₂ emissions from transport are predicted to reach 739 billion tonnes.

    FALSE True / False / Not Given

    “According to the latest estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic growth trend, CO₂ emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990.”

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